¿Qué alimentos desencadenan el síndrome del intestino irritable?

Síndrome del intestino irritable (IBS) is a common condition that affects the digestive system.

Symptoms can come and go and last for days or months.

La causa exacta del síndrome del intestino irritable (SII) es desconocida. Se ha relacionado con factores como que los alimentos pasen por tu intestino demasiado rápido o demasiado lento, nervios sensibles en tu intestino, estrés y antecedentes familiares de la condición. Aunque no existe una cura, saber qué alimentos pueden causar síntomas puede ayudar a crear una dieta que funcione para ti.

Julie Thompson, Gerente de Información en Guts UK, explica que los alimentos que desencadenan una exacerbación de los síntomas varían de una persona a otra. Sin embargo, hay algunos temas comunes.

Which foods can trigger IBS symptoms?

Café

Many people reach for a café first thing in the morning. But caffeine - found in coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate - can lead to diarrhoea, especially if you have a more sensitive gut.

Caffeine is a gastrointestinal stimulant which means that it speeds up peristalsis - the muscle contractions that move food through your digestive tract. Both caffeinated and decaf coffee also stimulate the production of a hormone called gastrin, which promotes digestion and can increase your urge to go to the toilet. The acidic nature of coffee can also stimulate your bowels.

However, whether coffee is problematic can depend on the person.

Thompson says: “Para algunas personas con síndrome de intestino irritable y estreñimiento, una taza de café por la mañana podría ayudar a activar el intestino."

Sweeteners

Many foods contain sugar-free artificial sweeteners - such as sorbitol and xylitol - but these can cause diarrhoea. According to some studies, sweeteners may affect the good bacteria in your gut. Also, chewing gum leads to more swallowed air, which can make gassiness and bloating worse.

Fruit juice

Drinking too much fruit juice can cause unpleasant symptoms for some people with IBS as it contains a sugar called fructose. Research shows that around one third of people with suspected IBS have fructose intolerance. Fructose is found in higher quantities in juice, honey and sweets, as well as in fruits and some vegetables.

Some people - including those with IBS - are unable to fully absorb fructose in the small intestine, which can lead to hinchazón, stomach pain, and diarrea. As a result, the undigested fructose makes its way into the large intestine where it is fermented by bacteria, causing IBS symptoms.

It can help to limit the amount of juice you drink. However, Thompson adds that fruit is healthy and should not be completely cut out of a diet.

Fizzy drinks

Fizzy drinks can cause gas and bloating because of the carbonation. This can lead to too much gas that can irritate your digestive system. Additionally, regular fizzy drinks contain high levels of sugar, and diet drinks contain artificial sweeteners, which can further aggravate your gut.

Comidas grasosas

Greasy or deep-fried foods that are high in fat, como papas fritas o pizza, pueden causar calambres estomacales y diarrea en algunas personas con SII. No se sabe exactamente por qué esto sucede, pero las investigaciones sugieren que comer alimentos grasos puede ralentizar el movimiento de los gases en tu intestino.

Milk

Lactose is a type of sugar found in cow’s milk and dairy products such as cheese or ice cream. For some people with SII, an inability to break down lactose - because of a lack of an enzyme called lactase - causes issues such as bloating, gas, stomach ache, and diarrhoea.

However, Thompson explains that lactose isn’t the cause of all IBS cases. It’s important for people with IBS to identify their own triggers before changing their diet. If lactose does trigger IBS symptoms, you can swap cow's milk for alternatives such as oat or lactose-free milk.

Alcohol

Alcohol is believed to stimulate your digestive tract, which can lead to IBS symptoms. In the small intestine, alcohol can reduce the absorption of nutrients including carbohydrates. This can lead to gas and diarrhoea as these substances interact with bacteria in your large intestine. As with coffee, alcohol can speed up the movement of the muscles of the intestine, increasing the chance of diarrhoea in people with a sensitive gut.

FODMAPS

FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) are sugars in certain foods that the small intestine absorbs poorly.

“These non-absorbable carbohydrates are found in many foods and are fermented by bacteria in the large bowel,” explains Thompson. “This can cause symptoms in people with SII."

There is a specific low FODMAPS diet for IBS which involves removing high FODMAPs for several weeks, then re-introducing them one at a time to see which ones you can tolerate. You then continue on your personalised diet with certain FODMAPs removed.

The diet can be challenging to follow, and nutritionally restrictive so you should speak to your dietitian for advice.

Although there is no fix for IBS, it is possible to manage your symptoms. First, you should speak to your doctor who will ask you about your symptoms - whether they come and go, how often you get them, and when you get them.

Before diagnosing IBS, your doctor may want to rule out other causes of digestive issues, such as enfermedad celíaca - a condition caused by an allergy to gluten. Gluten is mostly found in flour-based foods, such as breads and pastas.

If you are diagnosed with IBS, it’s important to take note of foods which trigger symptoms before changing your diet. Keeping a food diary can help. Finding ways to relax, getting plenty of exercise, and trying probióticos may help ease your symptoms.

People who struggle with diarrhoea may benefit from cutting down on high-fibre foods, such as brown bread, as well as caffeine. It’s also important to drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration. However, if you are constipated, deberías comer más alimentos ricos en fibra, como frijoles, zanahorias y semillas de lino. Tu médico puede recomendar medicamentos para controlar la diarrea o aliviar el estreñimiento.

Your doctor or dietitian may recommend a diet which is low in FODMAP foods.