Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia
Última actualización 12 Feb 2026
Cumple con las directrices editoriales
- DescargarDescargar
- Compartir
- Language
- Discusión
- Versión en audio
- Agregar a fuentes preferidas en Google
Anophthalmia and microphthalmia are disorders that affect eye development before birth. Microphthalmia is a birth defect in which one or both eyes do not develop fully and are abnormally small. Anophthalmia is a more severe birth defect in which one or both eyes do not form at all. While people who have anophthalmia have no vision in the affected eye, people who have microphthalmia may or may not have significant vision loss. Because both conditions are characterised by impaired eye development, anophthalmia and microphthalmia are often considered to be related disorders (anophthalmia/microphthalmia).
Descripción
Anophthalmia and microphthalmia are disorders that affect eye development before birth. Microphthalmia is a birth defect in which one or both eyes do not develop fully and are abnormally small. Anophthalmia is a more severe birth defect in which one or both eyes do not form at all. While people who have anophthalmia have no vision in the affected eye, people who have microphthalmia may or may not have significant vision loss. Because both conditions are characterised by impaired eye development, anophthalmia and microphthalmia are often considered to be related disorders (anophthalmia/microphthalmia).
Anophthalmia and microphthalmia can occur along with other eye abnormalities. People who have one missing eye (unilateral anophthalmia) can have additional eye abnormalities in the unaffected eye, while people who have microphthalmia can have additional eye abnormalities in one or both eyes (complex microphthalmia). The presence of other eye problems can worsen vision. Additional eye abnormalities can include a missing piece of tissue that may appear as a notch or gap in one of several parts of the eye (coloboma); a clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract); abnormal development of the cells in the retina (retinal dysplasia); or microcornea, in which the clear front covering of the eye (cornea) is small and abnormally curved.
Some individuals have anophthalmia or microphthalmia as part of a syndrome that affects multiple parts of the body (syndromic anophthalmia or microphthalmia). As many as 45 percent of people with anophthalmia or microphthalmia have the condition as part of a recognized syndrome, such as CHARGE syndrome, Fraser syndrome type 1 or 2, and oculofaciocardiodental syndrome. When people have anophthalmia or microphthalmia but do not have additional abnormalities of the eye or other body systems, this is known as isolated anophthalmia or microphthalmia.
Patrones de herencia
The source lists the following possible inheritance patterns: X-linked recessive; Autosomal dominant+New variant; Autosomal recessive; X-linked. More than one pattern can apply in different cases.
Related genes
Otros nombres
A/M
Anophthalmia
Anophthalmos
Microphthalmia
Microphthalmos
Related patient information and medicines
Patient information leaflet
Problemas oculares
Whole eye conditions Thyroid eye disease In thyroid eye disease the muscles and fatty tissues. It can involve one or more of several parts of the eye, including the eyelid, cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens, retina, choroid and optic disc. Coloboma is a rare condition and is sometimes associated with abnormally small eyes (microphthalmia). Not all.
Patient information leaflet
Hipermetropía
Long sight can occur at any age but it tends to become more noticeable above the age of 40 years. In rare cases, long sight is caused by other conditions such as diabetes, small eye syndrome (microphthalmia), cancers around the eye and problems with the blood vessels in the retina. Many babies and very young children tend to be slightly.
Lecturas adicionales y referencias
- Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Asai-Coakwell M, French CR, Ye M, Garcha K, Bigot K, Perera AG, Staehling-Hampton K, Mema SC, Chanda B, Mushegian A, Bamforth S, Doschak MR, Li G, Dobbs MB, Giampietro PF, Brooks BP, Vijayalakshmi P, Sauve Y, Abitbol M, Sundaresan P, van Heyningen V, Pourquie O, Underhill TM, Waskiewicz AJ, Lehmann OJ. Incomplete penetrance and phenotypic variability characterize Gdf6-attributable oculo-skeletal phenotypes. Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Mar 15;18(6):1110-21. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddp008. Epub 2009 Jan 6.
- Chassaing N, Causse A, Vigouroux A, Delahaye A, Alessandri JL, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Boute-Benejean O, Dollfus H, Duban-Bedu B, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Giuliano F, Gonzales M, Holder-Espinasse M, Isidor B, Jacquemont ML, Lacombe D, Martin-Coignard D, Mathieu-Dramard M, Odent S, Picone O, Pinson L, Quelin C, Sigaudy S, Toutain A, Thauvin-Robinet C, Kaplan J, Calvas P. Molecular findings and clinical data in a cohort of 150 patients with anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Clin Genet. 2014 Oct;86(4):326-34. doi: 10.1111/cge.12275. Epub 2013 Oct 7.
- Gal A, Rau I, El Matri L, Kreienkamp HJ, Fehr S, Baklouti K, Chouchane I, Li Y, Rehbein M, Fuchs J, Fledelius HC, Vilhelmsen K, Schorderet DF, Munier FL, Ostergaard E, Thompson DA, Rosenberg T. Autosomal-recessive posterior microphthalmos is caused by mutations in PRSS56, a gene encoding a trypsin-like serine protease. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Mar 11;88(3):382-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.02.006.
- Gallardo ME, Rodriguez De Cordoba S, Schneider AS, Dwyer MA, Ayuso C, Bovolenta P. Analysis of the developmental SIX6 homeobox gene in patients with anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Aug 15;129A(1):92-4. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30126. No abstract available.
- Gonzalez-Rodriguez J, Pelcastre EL, Tovilla-Canales JL, Garcia-Ortiz JE, Amato-Almanza M, Villanueva-Mendoza C, Espinosa-Mattar Z, Zenteno JC. Mutational screening of CHX10, GDF6, OTX2, RAX and SOX2 genes in 50 unrelated microphthalmia-anophthalmia-coloboma (MAC) spectrum cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010 Aug;94(8):1100-4. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2009.173500. Epub 2010 May 21.
- Goyal S, Tibrewal S, Ratna R, Vanita V. Genetic and environmental factors contributing to anophthalmia and microphthalmia: Current understanding and future directions. World J Clin Pediatr. 2025 Jun 9;14(2):101982. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v14.i2.101982. eCollection 2025 Jun 9.
- Harding P, Moosajee M. The Molecular Basis of Human Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia. J Dev Biol. 2019 Aug 14;7(3):16. doi: 10.3390/jdb7030016.
- Iseri SU, Wyatt AW, Nurnberg G, Kluck C, Nurnberg P, Holder GE, Blair E, Salt A, Ragge NK. Use of genome-wide SNP homozygosity mapping in small pedigrees to identify new mutations in VSX2 causing recessive microphthalmia and a semidominant inner retinal dystrophy. Hum Genet. 2010 Jul;128(1):51-60. doi: 10.1007/s00439-010-0823-6. Epub 2010 Apr 23.
- Lequeux L, Rio M, Vigouroux A, Titeux M, Etchevers H, Malecaze F, Chassaing N, Calvas P. Confirmation of RAX gene involvement in human anophthalmia. Clin Genet. 2008 Oct;74(4):392-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01078.x. Epub 2008 Sep 9.
- Mai CT, Isenburg JL, Canfield MA, Meyer RE, Correa A, Alverson CJ, Lupo PJ, Riehle-Colarusso T, Cho SJ, Aggarwal D, Kirby RS; National Birth Defects Prevention Network. National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2010-2014. Birth Defects Res. 2019 Nov 1;111(18):1420-1435. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1589. Epub 2019 Oct 3.
- Morrison D, FitzPatrick D, Hanson I, Williamson K, van Heyningen V, Fleck B, Jones I, Chalmers J, Campbell H. National study of microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC) in Scotland: investigation of genetic aetiology. J Med Genet. 2002 Jan;39(1):16-22. doi: 10.1136/jmg.39.1.16.
- Plaisancie J, Calvas P, Chassaing N. Genetic Advances in Microphthalmia. J Pediatr Genet. 2016 Dec;5(4):184-188. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1592350. Epub 2016 Sep 16.
- Plaisancie J, Ceroni F, Holt R, Zazo Seco C, Calvas P, Chassaing N, Ragge NK. Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 1: Non-syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Hum Genet. 2019 Sep;138(8-9):799-830. doi: 10.1007/s00439-019-01977-y. Epub 2019 Feb 14.
- Ragge NK, Subak-Sharpe ID, Collin JR. A practical guide to the management of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Eye (Lond). 2007 Oct;21(10):1290-300. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702858.
- Reis LM, Tyler RC, Schneider A, Bardakjian T, Stoler JM, Melancon SB, Semina EV. FOXE3 plays a significant role in autosomal recessive microphthalmia. Am J Med Genet A. 2010 Mar;152A(3):582-90. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33257.
- Schimmenti LA, de la Cruz J, Lewis RA, Karkera JD, Manligas GS, Roessler E, Muenke M. Novel mutation in sonic hedgehog in non-syndromic colobomatous microphthalmia. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Jan 30;116A(3):215-21. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10884.
- Shah SP, Taylor AE, Sowden JC, Ragge NK, Russell-Eggitt I, Rahi JS, Gilbert CE; Surveillance of Eye Anomalies (SEA-UK) Special Interest Group. Anophthalmos, microphthalmos, and typical coloboma in the United Kingdom: a prospective study of incidence and risk. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Feb 1;52(1):558-64. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-5263.
- Slavotinek A. Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 2: Syndromes associated with anophthalmia-microphthalmia. Hum Genet. 2019 Sep;138(8-9):831-846. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1949-1. Epub 2018 Oct 30.
- Verma AS, Fitzpatrick DR. Anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Nov 26;2:47. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-47.
- Williamson KA, FitzPatrick DR. The genetic architecture of microphthalmia, anophthalmia and coloboma. Eur J Med Genet. 2014 Aug;57(8):369-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.05.002. Epub 2014 May 22.
- Ye M, Berry-Wynne KM, Asai-Coakwell M, Sundaresan P, Footz T, French CR, Abitbol M, Fleisch VC, Corbett N, Allison WT, Drummond G, Walter MA, Underhill TM, Waskiewicz AJ, Lehmann OJ. Mutation of the bone morphogenetic protein GDF3 causes ocular and skeletal anomalies. Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Jan 15;19(2):287-98. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddp496. Epub 2009 Oct 28.
Únete a la conversación
Comparte tus pensamientos o experiencias con otros en nuestro comunidades de pacientes.
Pregunta, comparte, conecta.
Navega por discusiones, haz preguntas y comparte experiencias en cientos de temas de salud.
Suscríbete al boletín de Patient
Tu dosis semanal de consejos de salud claros y confiables, escritos para ayudarte a sentirte informado, seguro y en control.
Al suscribirte aceptas nuestros Política de Privacidad. Puedes darte de baja en cualquier momento. Nunca vendemos tus datos.