spalt like transcription factor 1
Last updated 26 Sept 2025
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The SALL1 gene is part of a group of related genes that provide instructions for making proteins involved in the formation of tissues and organs before birth. These proteins are transcription factors, which means they attach (bind) to specific regions of DNA and help control the activity of particular genes.
Normal function
The SALL1 gene is part of a group of related genes that provide instructions for making proteins involved in the formation of tissues and organs before birth. These proteins are transcription factors, which means they attach (bind) to specific regions of DNA and help control the activity of particular genes.
The SALL1 protein helps turn off (repress) gene activity by interacting with other proteins that alter how tightly regions of DNA are packaged. This process, known as chromatin remodeling, is one way gene expression is regulated during development; typically, when DNA is tightly packed, gene expression is lower than when DNA is loosely packed. By controlling gene activity, the SALL1 protein plays an important role in development of the hands (particularly the thumbs), ears, anus, kidneys, and other parts of the body before birth.
Conditions referring to this gene or chromosome
Other names
HSAL1
sal (Drosophila)-like 1
sal-like 1
sal-like 1 (Drosophila)
Sal-like protein 1
SALL1_HUMAN
spalt-like transcription factor 1
TBS
ZNF794
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Further reading and references
- spalt like transcription factor 1; MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine.
- Borozdin W, Steinmann K, Albrecht B, Bottani A, Devriendt K, Leipoldt M, Kohlhase J. Detection of heterozygous SALL1 deletions by quantitative real time PCR proves the contribution of a SALL1 dosage effect in the pathogenesis of Townes-Brocks syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2006 Feb;27(2):211-2. doi: 10.1002/humu.9396.
- Botzenhart EM, Bartalini G, Blair E, Brady AF, Elmslie F, Chong KL, Christy K, Torres-Martinez W, Danesino C, Deardorff MA, Fryns JP, Marlin S, Garcia-Minaur S, Hellenbroich Y, Hay BN, Penttinen M, Shashi V, Terhal P, Van Maldergem L, Whiteford ML, Zackai E, Kohlhase J. Townes-Brocks syndrome: twenty novel SALL1 mutations in sporadic and familial cases and refinement of the SALL1 hot spot region. Hum Mutat. 2007 Feb;28(2):204-5. doi: 10.1002/humu.9476.
- Botzenhart EM, Green A, Ilyina H, Konig R, Lowry RB, Lo IF, Shohat M, Burke L, McGaughran J, Chafai R, Pierquin G, Michaelis RC, Whiteford ML, Simola KO, Rosler B, Kohlhase J. SALL1 mutation analysis in Townes-Brocks syndrome: twelve novel mutations and expansion of the phenotype. Hum Mutat. 2005 Sep;26(3):282. doi: 10.1002/humu.9362.
- Bozal-Basterra L, Martin-Ruiz I, Pirone L, Liang Y, Sigurethsson JO, Gonzalez-Santamarta M, Giordano I, Gabicagogeascoa E, de Luca A, Rodriguez JA, Wilkie AOM, Kohlhase J, Eastwood D, Yale C, Olsen JV, Rauchman M, Anderson KV, Sutherland JD, Barrio R. Truncated SALL1 Impedes Primary Cilia Function in Townes-Brocks Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2018 Feb 1;102(2):249-265. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.017.
- de Celis JF, Barrio R. Regulation and function of Spalt proteins during animal development. Int J Dev Biol. 2009;53(8-10):1385-98. doi: 10.1387/ijdb.072408jd.
- Graziano C, Olivucci G. SALL1-Related Townes-Brocks Syndrome. 2007 Jan 24 [updated 2025 Aug 14]. In: Adam MP, Bick S, Mirzaa GM, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2026. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1445/
- Kiefer SM, Ohlemiller KK, Yang J, McDill BW, Kohlhase J, Rauchman M. Expression of a truncated Sall1 transcriptional repressor is responsible for Townes-Brocks syndrome birth defects. Hum Mol Genet. 2003 Sep 1;12(17):2221-7. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddg233. Epub 2003 Jul 15.
- Kohlhase J, Liebers M, Backe J, Baumann-Muller A, Bembea M, Destree A, Gattas M, Grussner S, Muller T, Mortier G, Skrypnyk C, Yano S, Wirbelauer J, Michaelis RC. High incidence of the R276X SALL1 mutation in sporadic but not familial Townes-Brocks syndrome and report of the first familial case. J Med Genet. 2003 Nov;40(11):e127. doi: 10.1136/jmg.40.11.e127. No abstract available.
- Kohlhase J, Wischermann A, Reichenbach H, Froster U, Engel W. Mutations in the SALL1 putative transcription factor gene cause Townes-Brocks syndrome. Nat Genet. 1998 Jan;18(1):81-3. doi: 10.1038/ng0198-81.
- Miller EM, Hopkin R, Bao L, Ware SM. Implications for genotype-phenotype predictions in Townes-Brocks syndrome: case report of a novel SALL1 deletion and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Mar;158A(3):533-40. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34426. Epub 2012 Feb 3.
- Netzer C, Rieger L, Brero A, Zhang CD, Hinzke M, Kohlhase J, Bohlander SK. SALL1, the gene mutated in Townes-Brocks syndrome, encodes a transcriptional repressor which interacts with TRF1/PIN2 and localizes to pericentromeric heterochromatin. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Dec 15;10(26):3017-24. doi: 10.1093/hmg/10.26.3017.
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