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Hemograma completo y frotis de sangre

Diversas condiciones pueden causar una anomalía en un conteo sanguíneo. Por lo tanto, si se encuentra una anomalía, a menudo se necesitan más pruebas para encontrar la causa. Estas pruebas incluyen un análisis de sangre completo y un frotis de sangre. En los Estados Unidos, un análisis de sangre completo se llama 'conteo sanguíneo completo' (CBC por sus siglas en inglés) y por eso podrías ver referencias a esto en artículos o programas de televisión estadounidenses.

At a glance

  • A full blood count (FBC) test checks red cells, white cells, and platelets in your blood.

  • It can help identify conditions like anaemia, infections, or issues with blood cell production.

  • Abnormal results may mean you have too many or too few of certain blood cells.

  • Normal ranges for blood cell counts can vary between individuals and labs.

  • If abnormalities are found, further tests are often needed to find the cause.

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¿Qué es un análisis de sangre completo?

A full blood count (FBC) test is one of the most common análisis de sangre done. A blood sample is taken which is prevented from clotting by using a preservative in the blood bottle. The sample is put into a machine which automatically:

  • Cuenta el número de glóbulos rojos, glóbulos blancos y plaquetas por mililitro de sangre.

  • Mide el tamaño de los glóbulos rojos y calcula su tamaño promedio (media).

  • Calcula la proporción de sangre compuesta por glóbulos rojos (el hematocrito).

  • Mide la cantidad de hemoglobina en los glóbulos rojos.

Las principales anomalías que se pueden detectar son:

  • Anemia - this means that you have fewer red blood cells than normal, or have less haemoglobin than normal in each red blood cell. The most common reason for an FBC to be done is to check for anaemia. There are many causes of anaemia. The average size of the red cells can give a clue as to the cause of some anaemias. For example, the most common cause of anaemia in the UK is a lack of irorro. (Iron is needed to make haemoglobin.) With this type of anaemia, the average size of the red blood cells is smaller than normal. The cause of iron deficiency can be benign (for example, heavy periods), or very serious (for example bowel (colorectal) or stomach cancer).

  • Demasiadas células rojas - this is called polycythaemia and can be due to various causes.

  • Demasiadas pocas células blancas - this is called leukopenia. Depending on which type of white cell is reduced it can be called neutropenia, lymphopenia or eosinopenia. There are various causes.

  • Demasiados glóbulos blancos - this is called leucocytosis. Depending on which type of white cell is increased it is called neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, monocytosis or basophilia. There are various causes - for example:

    • Diversas infecciones pueden causar un aumento de glóbulos blancos.

    • Ciertas alergias pueden causar eosinofilia.

    • Leucemia is a type of blood cancer where there is a large number of abnormal cells, usually white blood cells. The type of leukaemia depends on the type of white cell affected.

  • Demasiadas pocas plaquetas - esto se llama trombocitopenia. Esto puede hacer que te salgan moretones o sangres fácilmente. Hay varias causas.

  • Demasiadas plaquetas - this is called thrombocythaemia ( or thrombocytosis). This is due to disorders which affect cells in the bone marrow which make platelets. Thrombocytosis is a 'soft' indicator for cancer ie it is linked with an increased likelihood of there being a cancer somewhere, but does not tell us where the cancer is, or if there definitely is one.

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La prueba FBC proporciona una serie de resultados que ofrecen información sobre los glóbulos rojos, glóbulos blancos y plaquetas. Los valores normales para cada uno de estos tres tipos principales de células sanguíneas son:

  • Hemoglobina: el rango normal para adultos en el Reino Unido es:

    • 130-170 g/L para hombres.

    • 115-150 g/L para mujeres.

  • Recuento de glóbulos blancos: el rango normal para adultos en el Reino Unido es 4.0-10.0 x 109/L.

  • Recuento de plaquetas: el rango normal en el Reino Unido para adultos es 150-400 x 109/L.

Estos 'rangos normales' proporcionan una guía. Sin embargo, los niveles de hemoglobina, glóbulos blancos y plaquetas pueden variar con factores como la edad, el embarazo y con diferentes laboratorios hospitalarios. Por lo tanto, la importancia del resultado del análisis debe considerarse en el contexto de cada persona individual.

This is a thin film of blood which is examined under a microscope. This is used to look for abnormal shapes of cells which cannot be detected by the automated machine. For example, to detect the characteristic 'sickle' shape of the red blood cells which occur in anemia de células falciformes. Also, infecting germs such as the malaria parasite can be seen on a blood film.

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Muchas condiciones diferentes pueden causar una anomalía en un conteo sanguíneo. Por lo tanto, si se encuentra una anomalía, a menudo se necesitan más pruebas para encontrar la causa. Por ejemplo, la anemia es la anomalía más común.

Si se descubre que tienes anemia, es posible que te aconsejen realizarte otro análisis de sangre para verificar el nivel de hierro o ciertas vitaminas en tu sangre (B12 y ácido fólico). Y, si estas pruebas son normales, entonces pueden ser necesarias otras pruebas; es importante determinar la causa de la anemia, en lugar de solo tratarla.

A biopsia de médula ósea is sometimes needed to find the cause of anaemia and other blood cell problems. It is in the bone marrow that the blood cells are made from blood 'stem' cells. A sample (biopsy) of bone marrow can be examined under the microscope and tested to help to find the cause of the abnormality.

Se pueden recomendar varias otras pruebas, dependiendo de la anomalía encontrada en el conteo sanguíneo.

Preguntas frecuentes

How is the full blood count test performed?

A blood sample is taken, which is then placed into a machine. This machine automatically counts the different types of cells, measures their size, calculates the proportion of blood made up from red cells, and measures the amount of haemoglobin.

What is haemoglobin and why is its level important?

Haemoglobin is found in your red blood cells. Its level is important because it indicates whether you have anaemia, which means you have fewer red blood cells or less haemoglobin than normal. Iron is needed to make haemoglobin, and a lack of iron is the most common cause of anaemia in the UK.

What does it mean if I have too many red blood cells?

If you have too many red blood cells, this condition is called polycythaemia. There can be various reasons for this to occur.

If my white blood cell count is high, does that mean I have cancer?

Not necessarily. A high white blood cell count, called leucocytosis, can be caused by various factors, including infections or certain allergies. While leukaemia, a type of blood cancer, is characterised by a large number of abnormal white blood cells, other, less serious conditions can also cause an increase.

What happens if there's an issue with my platelets?

Platelets are crucial for blood clotting. If you have too few platelets, called thrombocytopenia, you might bruise or bleed easily. If you have too many, called thrombocythaemia or thrombocytosis, it can be due to disorders affecting the cells in your bone marrow that produce platelets. Thrombocytosis can also be a 'soft' indicator for cancer, meaning it's linked with an increased likelihood of cancer being present, but does not confirm its location or even its existence.

Are the normal values for FBC the same for everyone?

The normal ranges provided are a guide for adults in the UK. However, levels for haemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets can vary due to factors like age, pregnancy, and even differences between hospital laboratories. Therefore, your test results are always considered in the context of your individual circumstances.

Why might a 'blood film' test be needed after an FBC?

A blood film involves examining a thin layer of your blood under a microscope. This is used to identify abnormal cell shapes that an automated machine might miss, such as the 'sickle' shape in sickle cell anaemia. It can also detect infecting organisms like the malaria parasite.

Lecturas adicionales y referencias

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About the authorView full bio

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Dra. Rachel Hudson, MRCGP

General Practitioner and Medical Author

MBChB, MRCGP (2008), BSc (Medical Science), DFSRH, DRCOG, DCH

Dr Rachel Hudson, is an NHS GP working in the North West of England.

About the reviewerView full bio

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Dr Caroline Wiggins, MRCGP

Médico General, Autor Médico

MBBS Honores (con Distinción), MRCGP (2016), MSc.SEM (con Distinción), BSc (Hons)

Dr Caroline Wiggins is a GP locum currently in the South-West of England. 

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